Content:
1. Introduction 2
2. Informativeness as the Main Advantage of Fair Value Accounting 4
3. Disadvantages of Fair Value Accounting 7
4. Fair Value and its Relations with Financial Crises 9
5. Conclusion 11
6. References 14
1. Introduction
In this paper, the fair value accounting measurement for assets and liabilities will be discussed in terms of its major advantages and disadvantages. It will build upon previous literature about the debates among fair value and its conclusions made by other researchers. Furthermore the role of fair value measurement relating to financial crises will be discussed. This will be done by digging into research results and literature leading back to the 1920’s.
1.1 What is Fair Value Accounting (FVA)?
According to the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) and the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), fair value accounting is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. In other words, it is the practice of measuring as accurately as possible the current value of an asset or a liability. This measurement is an alternative for the reporting based on historical costs, which is the use of the nominal value of an asset when acquired by the company. Also this method gets updated, although less frequently than fair value. For historical cost accounting, most common updates are depreciation, amortization and impairments.
In this paper, the main question is, if the use of fair value makes information more valuable compared to using historical cost method, since it seems to be a tradeoff between relevant and reliable information. This tradeoff exists because the current fair value measurement rules are not completely fraud resistant. To explain this, it should be known how the standard setters provide guidelines for the use of the fair value and how the regulations are set regarding to mandatory disclosures. The next section covers this topic.
1.2 The Fair Value Hierarchy
The fair value hierarchy is used to implement the idea of fair value accounting. First of all, level 1 inputs are quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the entity can access at the measurement date (Standards, 2013). According to the standards, quoted prices provide the most reliable evidence of fair value. Nevertheless, if an active market for a particular asset or liability does not exist, a problem arises that is solved by the second level in the hierarchy, which are inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly (Standards, 2013) . So basically making an estimate based on similar assets or liabilities in active or inactive markets. Yet, it could be the case that also the second level is difficult to implement. In order to overcome that problem, the standards provide a third and last level: inputs are unobservable inputs for the asset or liability (Standards, 2013). This level thus relies on the best information available for an asset or liability including entity’s own data.
For the disclosures of financial statements prepared in accordance with IFRS, the objective is to provide information to the user of the financial statements about the use of the fair value and therefore the disclosure information should help to assess the following: Firstly, the valuation techniques and inputs used to develop the measurements for assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring or non-recurring basis in the financial position after recognition. Secondly, the effect of the measurements on profit or loss or other comprehensive income for the period recurring fair value measurements using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3). Similarly, according to the FASB there are two important standards (SFAS), namely No. 107 and No. 119. The first standard requires disclosure of fair value estimates of all recognized assets and liabilities, and as such, was the first standard that provided financial statement disclosures of estimates of the primary balance sheet accounts, including securities, loans, deposits, and long-term debts (Landsman, 2007). The second standard requires disclosures