Biology Exam Notes
Biology
The cell: prokaryotes & eukaryotes
Prokaryotes: small, basic cell, free floating mess called nucleoid= bacteria
Eukaryotes: advanced, larger cell, bound membrane organelles= plant/animal cells
1= cell: heart muscle cell
2= tissue: heart muscle tissue
3= organs: heart
4= organ systems: circulatory system
5= organism: deer
Tissue: a group of specialized cells that work together to help perform a specific function= nerve tissue, muscle tissue, epithelial tissue
Organs: a group of specialized tissue that work together to perform a specific function=stomach, heart, lung
Organ system: a group of one or more organs/structure, which work together to function a major body part=digestive system, respiratory system, circulatory system
Stem cell: Cells that can develop into different types of cells. Controlled by the part of its DNA that is switched on. Embryonic stem cells: can differentiate into any kind of cells. Tissue stem cells: exist within specialized cells.
Specialized cell: help perform a specific function
Cell wall: protects the cell organelles
Nucleus: structure that contains DNA and directs the cell
Vacuole: stores waste, nutrients, water
Mitochondria: structure that converts nutrients into energy
Golgi bodies: stores and packages cellular products
Cell membrane: a membrane that surround and protects the cells
Centrioles: structure that organizes the emotion of chromosomes
Interphase: 1 gap, synthesis, gap 2
Prophase: The centrioles move to the each end of the cell. Chromosomes get bigger
Metaphase: when the chromosomes gets released from the nucleus and lines up in the middle of the cell.
Anaphase: When centriole pulls apart the chromosomes by spindle fibers and creates a daughter
Telophase: Daughter of chromatids goes to each end of the cell and a nuclear membrane begins to form.
Malignant tumor= a process of a cancerous cell traveling through the body to settle in a new location
Benign tumor= a growth that interferes within the function of neighboring cells and tissues. Can destroy surrounding tissues
Metastasis = a growth with no serious effects surrounding the tissues except cells.
Digestive system:
Esophagus: a muscular tube