1) The following is the order in which the documents are exchanged in international trade: shipping bill, Carting order, mate receipt, Let export order, bill of lading
shipping bill: The shipper books space on board the vessel with the Shipping Agent and prepares a Shipping Bill. This contains details of the shipment.
Carting order: After noting the Shipping Bill, we obtain carting orders from the Agents of the vessel
Mate receipt: For the Goods shipped, Mate Receipts are given by the shipper
Let export order: The Custom Examiner examines the cargo and records his report on the duplicate copy of the shipping bill. The customs examiner then signs the ‘Let Export Order’.
Bill of lading: The shipper exchanges the mate receipt for the Bill of Lading at the Office of the Shipping Agents.
2) Customs clearance activities: These include checking of LCL cargo prior stuffing and after stripping.
Receipt and Delivery of containers: Included sucha s weighing, insection of seals and damages.
Exporter must ensure that he has got the required approvals to store the cargo at the placed agreed upon.
Exporter has to make sure the required taxes, storage charges etc have been taken care of and paid by whosoever has agreed.
He has to make sure that the LCL cargo is properly packed so that there will not be any damages in case the cargo has to be placed in the location for some time.
3) The following are the risks involved in export of mangoes:
1. The fruits are infected with bacteria
2. If the fruits are not packed in a plastic bag with air holes and then packed in a box with ventilation, the fruits will get suffocated and will not be edible.
3. Interception by the customs officers in the mangoes being imported, making them ripen and goes waste.
4. Mangoes have to be shipped by air cargo most of the time, for them to be fresh, which is costly
The following precautions need to be taken while exporting mangoes:
1. Farmers need to be trained and warned of the consequences if they do not ensure quality checks
2. The mangoes to be exported are to be processed in the Vapour Heat Treatment facility
3. The fruit shall be packed in a plastic bag (air holes of the bag must be less than 1.6 mm in diameter) and then packed in a box with ventilation.
4. Place of packing shall be located near the disinfestations facilities. Windows and any other openings shall be screened
4) The following are the charectaristics of an Aframax ship:
An Aframax ship is an oil tanker smaller than 120,000 metric tonnes and with a breadth not greater than 32.31 m and therefore would have been able to pass through the original Panama canal.[1] The term is based on the Average Freight Rate Assessment (AFRA). Though relatively smaller than Very Large Crude Containers (VLCC) and the Ultra Large Crude Containers (ULCC), the tanker has a cargo carrying capacity between 70,000 and 100,000 metric tonnes. The average cargo carrying capacity of Aframax is approximately 750,000 barrels.
Due to their favorable size, Aframax tankers can serve most ports in the world. These vessels serve regions which do not have very large ports or offshore oil terminals to accommodate very large crude carriers and ultra large crude carriers. Aframax tankers are just perfect for short to medium haul crude oil transportation. Aframax tankers are extensively used in areas of lower crude oil production such as in Non-OPEC countries which lack large harbors and canals to accommodate VLCC and ULCC class of tankers.
5) The following ways help in mitigating the risks in international trade:
1. A common risk-minimizing strategy is to buy small quantities of goods, thereby lessening the financial impact on the buyer
2. Negotiating a partial pre-payment with the balance on proof of shipment, usually evidenced by transport documents
3. if the sale is a one time deal, but the item in question is of high value, travel to the country of sale or appoint a